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Citizens and the city: the case for participatory budgeting in the City of Zagreb**
Ivana Rašić Bakarić* 
Marijana Sumpor*
Marijana Sumpor
Affiliation: The Institute of Economics, Department for Regional Development, Zagreb, Croatia
 0000-0001-8439-4470
Preliminary communication | Year: 2019 | Pages: 21 - 48 | Volume: 43 | Issue: 1 Received: October 17, 2018 | Accepted: January 24, 2019 | Published online: March 11, 2019
|
FULL ARTICLE
FIGURES & DATA
REFERENCES
CROSSMARK POLICY
METRICS
LICENCING
PDF
|
Average
|
Female
|
Male
|
City
|
Periphery
|
|
Personal characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age
|
48.4
|
48.3
|
48.6
|
49.3
|
40.7*
|
|
Number of years with residence in Zagreb:
|
39.52
|
39.7
|
39.4
|
40.1
|
34.3*
|
|
Without school
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
Primary school
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
|
Secondary school
|
0.44
|
0.48
|
0.39***
|
0.43
|
0.49
|
|
Collage, BA,
MA, MS, PHD
|
0.53
|
0.49
|
0.57***
|
0.53
|
0.50
|
|
No answer
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
|
Risk attitude, 0-10 scale
|
4.8
|
4.6
|
5.0
|
4.8
|
4.9
|
|
Labour market status
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Employed
|
0.52
|
0.48
|
0.57**
|
0.51
|
0.60*
|
|
Unemployed
|
0.07
|
0.09
|
0.05**
|
0.07
|
0.12
|
|
Retired
|
0.30
|
0.32
|
0.28**
|
0.32
|
0.14*
|
|
Housekeeper
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.00**
|
0.01
|
0.05*
|
|
Inactive (student)
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
|
Trust, in scale from 1-4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trust in people in community
|
2.6
|
2.6
|
2.6
|
2.61
|
2.59
|
|
Trust in local government
|
1.8
|
1.9
|
1.8***
|
1.84
|
1.93
|
|
Trust in central government
|
1.7
|
1.7
|
1.7
|
1.73
|
1.65
|
|
Trust in police
|
2.8
|
2.9
|
2.6***
|
2.76
|
2.77
|
|
Political attitudes (proportion of respondents “Yes”)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Supports current political system (state level)
|
0.25
|
0.27
|
0.23
|
0.26
|
0.16
|
|
Supports current local political system
|
0.25
|
0.28
|
0.22**
|
0.26
|
0.25
|
|
Is going to vote in last parliamentary elections
|
0.87
|
0.86
|
0.88
|
0.88
|
0.81
|
|
Is going to vote in local elections (yes)
|
0.85
|
0.83
|
0.87
|
0.86
|
0.81
|
|
Household demographics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Household size, people
|
2.99
|
2.99
|
2,99
|
2.9
|
3.9*
|
|
Household income, '000 kuna/month
|
5.3
|
5.09
|
5,53
|
5.2
|
5.8
|
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Household size
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Live alone
|
0.13
|
0.15
|
0.11
|
0.15
|
0.0*
|
|
2 members
|
0.27
|
0.26
|
0.28
|
0.29
|
0.11*
|
|
3 members
|
0.26
|
0.24
|
0.28
|
0.25
|
0.32
|
|
4 members
|
0.19
|
0.19
|
0.19
|
0.18
|
0.27
|
|
5 members
|
0.09
|
0.09
|
0.10
|
0.09
|
0.15
|
|
more than 5
|
0.05
|
0.06
|
0.04
|
0.04
|
0.15*
|
|
Household income per member (in kuna)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,000 kuna and less
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
|
2,001-3,500
|
0.05
|
0.07
|
0.02**
|
0.05
|
0.01
|
|
3,501-5,000
|
0.10
|
0.11
|
0.10
|
0.11
|
0.05
|
|
5,001-6,500
|
0.10
|
0.10
|
0.10
|
0.10
|
0.12
|
|
6,501-8,000
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.11
|
|
8,001-10,000
|
0.14
|
0.14
|
0.14
|
0.13
|
0.17
|
|
More than 10,000
|
0.30
|
0.27
|
0.35**
|
0.29
|
0.41
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Note: the mean differences for female/male, city/periphery are tested using t-test (for quantitative variables) and using Chi-square test for qualitative variables. Significant differences are indicated by *p<0.01, **p<0.05,***p<0.1. Source: authors’ calculation.
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Indicator
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No
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Yes
|
Yes sub-categories
|
|
Little
|
Fair
|
Very
|
|
Informed about the city budget
|
0.59
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0.41
|
0.29
|
0.09
|
0.03
|
|
Interest in how the city government spends the city budget
|
0.16
|
0.84
|
0.19
|
0.22
|
0.43
|
|
Knows that the city government has the obligation to inform you about the
city budget
|
0.53
|
0.47
|
|
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Information on the city budget is accessible
|
0.63
|
0.37
|
0.27
|
0.07
|
0.03
|
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An ordinary citizen can influence the budgetary process in the city of
Zagreb
|
0.72
|
0.28
|
|
|
Some members of my household have tried to influence the budgetary
process in the city of Zagreb in last 12 months
|
0.91
|
0.09
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The government of the city of Zagreb should allow the participation of
citizens in drafting the city budget
|
0.12
|
0.88
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|
I would participate in a public hearing on the budget of the city of
Zagreb
|
0.31
|
0.69
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Source: authors’ calculation.
|
Indicator
(in ratio, if not indicated otherwise)
|
Informed about the city budget
|
Interested in how the city budget is spent
|
Knows that the local government should inform citizens about the budget
|
A citizen can influence the budgetary process in Zagreb
|
|
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
Personal characteristics
|
|
Age, years
|
49.4
|
47.0***
|
53.7
|
47.4*
|
47.9
|
48.9
|
49.5
|
45.7**
|
|
Female
|
0.57
|
0.50**
|
0.59
|
0.53
|
0.59
|
0.49*
|
0.53
|
0.58
|
|
Periphery
|
0.56
|
0.44
|
0.08
|
0.92**
|
0.62
|
0.38
|
0.73
|
0.27
|
|
Centre
|
0.59
|
0.41
|
0.17
|
0.83**
|
0.52
|
0.48
|
0.72
|
0.28
|
|
Risk attitude, 0-10 scale
|
4.7
|
5.0***
|
4.1
|
4.9*
|
4.7
|
4.9
|
4.8
|
4.8
|
|
Number of years with residence in Zagreb
|
39.5
|
39.5
|
41.0
|
39.2
|
39.3
|
39.8
|
40.8
|
36.1*
|
|
Education level
|
|
without school
|
0.05
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
|
primary school
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.04
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.04
|
|
secondary school
|
0.45
|
0.43
|
0.51
|
0.43
|
0.51
|
0.37*
|
0.44
|
0.47
|
|
college, BA,
MA, MS, PHD
|
0.53
|
0.54
|
0.44
|
0.55**
|
0.47
|
0.60*
|
0.55
|
0.49
|
|
Labour market status
|
|
Employed
|
0.51
|
0.55
|
0.48
|
0.53
|
0.48
|
0.57
|
0.54
|
0.49
|
|
Unemployed
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
0.08
|
0.08
|
0.09
|
0.07
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
|
Retired
|
0.32
|
0.29
|
0.40
|
0.29***
|
0.33
|
0.28
|
0.32
|
0.28
|
|
Housekeeper
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.04*
|
|
Inactive (student)
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.03
|
0.09***
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
0.11*
|
|
Trust, in scale from 1-4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trust in people in community (Yes)
|
2.56
|
2.58
|
2.48
|
2.58
|
2.59
|
2.54
|
2.5
|
2.8*
|
|
Trust in local government (Yes)
|
1.82
|
1.84
|
1.97
|
1.81
|
1.83
|
1.82
|
1.7
|
2.1*
|
|
Trust in central government (Yes)
|
1.72
|
1.70
|
1.77
|
1.7
|
1.73
|
1.70
|
1.6
|
2.0*
|
|
Trust in police (Yes)
|
2.78
|
2.72
|
2.87
|
2.73
|
2.71
|
2.79
|
2.7
|
2.8***
|
|
Political attitudes (proportion of respondents answered YES)
|
|
Supports current political system (state level)
|
0.26
|
0.24
|
0.31
|
0.24***
|
0.27
|
0.22
|
0.22
|
0.32**
|
|
Supports current local political system
|
0.26
|
0.24
|
0.33
|
0.24**
|
0.26
|
0.25
|
0.22
|
0.35*
|
|
Is going to vote in last parliamentary elections
|
0.85
|
0.91*
|
0.75
|
0.95*
|
0.84
|
0.91*
|
0.86
|
0.90
|
|
Is going to vote in local elections
|
0.82
|
0.90*
|
0.72
|
0.88*
|
0.81
|
0.89*
|
0.84
|
0.87
|
|
Household demographics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Household size, people
|
2.96
|
3.03
|
2.9
|
3.0
|
2.9
|
3.1
|
2.98
|
3.02
|
|
Household income, '000 kuna/month, N=578
|
5.26
|
5.34
|
4.9
|
5.4*
|
5.11
|
5.5
|
5.32
|
5.22
|
|
2,000 kn and less
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.02***
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
|
2,001-3,500 kn
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
0.05
|
0.06***
|
0.07
|
0.05
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
|
3,501-5,000 kn
|
0.14
|
0.11
|
0.23
|
0.10***
|
0.15
|
0.10
|
0.13
|
0.11
|
|
5,001-6,500 kn
|
0.11
|
0.14
|
0.17
|
0.11***
|
0.13
|
0.11
|
0.11
|
0.14
|
|
6,501-8,000 kn
|
0.15
|
0.13
|
0.13
|
0.15***
|
0.14
|
0.15
|
0.15
|
0.13
|
|
8,001-10,000 kn
|
0.19
|
0.14
|
0.13
|
0.17***
|
0.17
|
0.16
|
0.17
|
0.16
|
|
More than 10,000 kn
|
0.34
|
0.40
|
0.28
|
0.39***
|
0.32
|
0.42
|
0.37
|
0.37
|
Note: the mean differences for female/male, City/Periphery are tested using T-test (for quantitative variables) and using Chi- square test for qualitative variables. Significant differences are indicated by *p<0.01, **p<0.05,***p<0.1. Source: authors’ calculation.
|
Indicator
(in ratio, if not indicated otherwise)
|
Have you or members of your household tried to
influence the budgetary process in the city of Zagreb in last 12 months?
|
The Government of the City of Zagreb should
allow the participation of citizens in drafting the city Budget?
|
Would you participate in public hearing on the
Budget of the city of Zagreb
|
|
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
Age, years
|
49.4
|
48.3
|
50.1
|
48.2
|
50.6
|
47.4**
|
|
Female
|
0.55
|
0.46
|
0.53
|
0.55
|
0.67
|
0.49*
|
|
Periphery
|
0.88
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.88
|
0.27
|
0.73
|
|
Centre
|
0.90
|
0.10
|
0.12
|
0.88
|
0.32
|
0.68
|
|
Risk attitude, 0-10 scale
|
5.0
|
4.8
|
4.7
|
4.8
|
4.4
|
4.9*
|
|
Number of years with
residence in Zagreb
|
40.9
|
39.4
|
39.2
|
39.6
|
40.2
|
39.2
|
|
Without school
|
0.002
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
Primary school
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
|
Secondary school
|
0.45
|
0.37
|
0.37
|
0.46
|
0.48
|
0.43
|
|
College, BA, MA, MS, PHD
|
0.53
|
0.59
|
0.61
|
0.52
|
0.48
|
0.55
|
|
Employed
|
0.52
|
0.54
|
0.56
|
0.52
|
0.50
|
0.54
|
|
Unemployed
|
0.08
|
0.05
|
0.05
|
0.08
|
0.05
|
0.09***
|
|
Retired
|
0.31
|
0.31
|
0.33
|
0.30
|
0.37
|
0.28***
|
|
Housekeeper
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
|
Inactive (student)
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
0.06
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
|
Trust,
in scale from 1-4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trust in people in community
(Yes)
|
2.54
|
2.76***
|
2.76
|
2.54**
|
2.58
|
2.55
|
|
Trust in local government
(Yes)
|
1.83
|
1.79
|
2.06
|
1.79*
|
1.92
|
1.78**
|
|
Trust in central government
(Yes)
|
1.69
|
1.72
|
1.97
|
1.68*
|
1.82
|
1.67**
|
|
Trust in police (Yes)
|
2.78
|
2.41*
|
2.94
|
2.73**
|
2.90
|
2.69*
|
|
Supports current political
system (state level)
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
0.47
|
0.22*
|
0.30
|
0.23**
|
|
Supports current local
political system
|
0.25
|
0.26
|
0.43
|
0.23*
|
0.30
|
0.23**
|
|
Is going to vote in
parliamentary elections
|
0.87
|
0.92
|
0.91
|
0.88
|
0.84
|
0.91*
|
|
Is going to vote in local
elections
|
0.85
|
0.89
|
0.91
|
0.87*
|
0.81
|
0.87*
|
|
Household demographics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Household size, people
|
3.0
|
3.1
|
3.0
|
3.3***
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
|
Household income, 000
kuna/month
|
5.26
|
5.34
|
5.3
|
5.3
|
5.06
|
5.4**
|
|
2,000 kn and less
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.02**
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
|
2,001-3,500 kn
|
0.06
|
0.10
|
0.04
|
0.06**
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
|
3,501-5,000 kn
|
0.13
|
0.08
|
0.23
|
0.11**
|
0.16
|
0.11
|
|
5,001-6,500 kn
|
0.12
|
0.16
|
0.05
|
0.13**
|
0.15
|
0.11
|
|
6,501-8,000 kn
|
0.15
|
0.12
|
0.08
|
0.15**
|
0.12
|
0.15
|
|
8,001-10,000 kn
|
0.17
|
0.16
|
0.14
|
0.17**
|
0.29
|
0.40
|
|
More than 10,000 kn
|
0.37
|
0.37
|
0.45
|
0.36**
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
Table 1Individual, household and community characteristics DISPLAY Table
Table 2Awareness about and participation in local budget processes DISPLAY Table
Table 3Awareness about and interest in local budget processes DISPLAY Table
Table 4Interest in participation in local budget decision-making DISPLAY Table
* The authors would like to thank the two anonymous referees for helpful comments on the paper.
|
|
March, 2019
I/2019
|
