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Citizens and the city: the case for participatory budgeting in the City of Zagreb**
Ivana Rašić Bakarić* 
Marijana Sumpor*
Marijana Sumpor
Affiliation: The Institute of Economics, Department for Regional Development, Zagreb, Croatia
 0000-0001-8439-4470
Preliminary communication | Year: 2019 | Pages: 21 - 48 | Volume: 43 | Issue: 1 Received: October 17, 2018 | Accepted: January 24, 2019 | Published online: March 11, 2019
|
FULL ARTICLE
FIGURES & DATA
REFERENCES
CROSSMARK POLICY
METRICS
LICENCING
PDF
|
Average
|
Female
|
Male
|
City
|
Periphery
|
|
Personal characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age
|
48.4
|
48.3
|
48.6
|
49.3
|
40.7*
|
|
Number of years with residence in Zagreb:
|
39.52
|
39.7
|
39.4
|
40.1
|
34.3*
|
|
Without school
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
Primary school
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
|
Secondary school
|
0.44
|
0.48
|
0.39***
|
0.43
|
0.49
|
|
Collage, BA,
MA, MS, PHD
|
0.53
|
0.49
|
0.57***
|
0.53
|
0.50
|
|
No answer
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
|
Risk attitude, 0-10 scale
|
4.8
|
4.6
|
5.0
|
4.8
|
4.9
|
|
Labour market status
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Employed
|
0.52
|
0.48
|
0.57**
|
0.51
|
0.60*
|
|
Unemployed
|
0.07
|
0.09
|
0.05**
|
0.07
|
0.12
|
|
Retired
|
0.30
|
0.32
|
0.28**
|
0.32
|
0.14*
|
|
Housekeeper
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.00**
|
0.01
|
0.05*
|
|
Inactive (student)
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
|
Trust, in scale from 1-4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trust in people in community
|
2.6
|
2.6
|
2.6
|
2.61
|
2.59
|
|
Trust in local government
|
1.8
|
1.9
|
1.8***
|
1.84
|
1.93
|
|
Trust in central government
|
1.7
|
1.7
|
1.7
|
1.73
|
1.65
|
|
Trust in police
|
2.8
|
2.9
|
2.6***
|
2.76
|
2.77
|
|
Political attitudes (proportion of respondents “Yes”)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Supports current political system (state level)
|
0.25
|
0.27
|
0.23
|
0.26
|
0.16
|
|
Supports current local political system
|
0.25
|
0.28
|
0.22**
|
0.26
|
0.25
|
|
Is going to vote in last parliamentary elections
|
0.87
|
0.86
|
0.88
|
0.88
|
0.81
|
|
Is going to vote in local elections (yes)
|
0.85
|
0.83
|
0.87
|
0.86
|
0.81
|
|
Household demographics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Household size, people
|
2.99
|
2.99
|
2,99
|
2.9
|
3.9*
|
|
Household income, '000 kuna/month
|
5.3
|
5.09
|
5,53
|
5.2
|
5.8
|
|
Household size
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Live alone
|
0.13
|
0.15
|
0.11
|
0.15
|
0.0*
|
|
2 members
|
0.27
|
0.26
|
0.28
|
0.29
|
0.11*
|
|
3 members
|
0.26
|
0.24
|
0.28
|
0.25
|
0.32
|
|
4 members
|
0.19
|
0.19
|
0.19
|
0.18
|
0.27
|
|
5 members
|
0.09
|
0.09
|
0.10
|
0.09
|
0.15
|
|
more than 5
|
0.05
|
0.06
|
0.04
|
0.04
|
0.15*
|
|
Household income per member (in kuna)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,000 kuna and less
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
|
2,001-3,500
|
0.05
|
0.07
|
0.02**
|
0.05
|
0.01
|
|
3,501-5,000
|
0.10
|
0.11
|
0.10
|
0.11
|
0.05
|
|
5,001-6,500
|
0.10
|
0.10
|
0.10
|
0.10
|
0.12
|
|
6,501-8,000
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.11
|
|
8,001-10,000
|
0.14
|
0.14
|
0.14
|
0.13
|
0.17
|
|
More than 10,000
|
0.30
|
0.27
|
0.35**
|
0.29
|
0.41
|
Note: the mean differences for female/male, city/periphery are tested using t-test (for quantitative variables) and using Chi-square test for qualitative variables. Significant differences are indicated by *p<0.01, **p<0.05,***p<0.1. Source: authors’ calculation.
|
Indicator
|
No
|
Yes
|
Yes sub-categories
|
|
Little
|
Fair
|
Very
|
|
Informed about the city budget
|
0.59
|
0.41
|
0.29
|
0.09
|
0.03
|
|
Interest in how the city government spends the city budget
|
0.16
|
0.84
|
0.19
|
0.22
|
0.43
|
|
Knows that the city government has the obligation to inform you about the
city budget
|
0.53
|
0.47
|
|
|
Information on the city budget is accessible
|
0.63
|
0.37
|
0.27
|
0.07
|
0.03
|
|
An ordinary citizen can influence the budgetary process in the city of
Zagreb
|
0.72
|
0.28
|
|
|
Some members of my household have tried to influence the budgetary
process in the city of Zagreb in last 12 months
|
0.91
|
0.09
|
|
The government of the city of Zagreb should allow the participation of
citizens in drafting the city budget
|
0.12
|
0.88
|
|
I would participate in a public hearing on the budget of the city of
Zagreb
|
0.31
|
0.69
|
Source: authors’ calculation.
|
Indicator
(in ratio, if not indicated otherwise)
|
Informed about the city budget
|
Interested in how the city budget is spent
|
Knows that the local government should inform citizens about the budget
|
A citizen can influence the budgetary process in Zagreb
|
|
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
Personal characteristics
|
|
Age, years
|
49.4
|
47.0***
|
53.7
|
47.4*
|
47.9
|
48.9
|
49.5
|
45.7**
|
|
Female
|
0.57
|
0.50**
|
0.59
|
0.53
|
0.59
|
0.49*
|
0.53
|
0.58
|
|
Periphery
|
0.56
|
0.44
|
0.08
|
0.92**
|
0.62
|
0.38
|
0.73
|
0.27
|
|
Centre
|
0.59
|
0.41
|
0.17
|
0.83**
|
0.52
|
0.48
|
0.72
|
0.28
|
|
Risk attitude, 0-10 scale
|
4.7
|
5.0***
|
4.1
|
4.9*
|
4.7
|
4.9
|
4.8
|
4.8
|
|
Number of years with residence in Zagreb
|
39.5
|
39.5
|
41.0
|
39.2
|
39.3
|
39.8
|
40.8
|
36.1*
|
|
Education level
|
|
without school
|
0.05
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.01
|
|
primary school
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.04
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.04
|
|
secondary school
|
0.45
|
0.43
|
0.51
|
0.43
|
0.51
|
0.37*
|
0.44
|
0.47
|
|
college, BA,
MA, MS, PHD
|
0.53
|
0.54
|
0.44
|
0.55**
|
0.47
|
0.60*
|
0.55
|
0.49
|
|
Labour market status
|
|
Employed
|
0.51
|
0.55
|
0.48
|
0.53
|
0.48
|
0.57
|
0.54
|
0.49
|
|
Unemployed
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
0.08
|
0.08
|
0.09
|
0.07
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
|
Retired
|
0.32
|
0.29
|
0.40
|
0.29***
|
0.33
|
0.28
|
0.32
|
0.28
|
|
Housekeeper
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.04*
|
|
Inactive (student)
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.03
|
0.09***
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
0.11*
|
|
Trust, in scale from 1-4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trust in people in community (Yes)
|
2.56
|
2.58
|
2.48
|
2.58
|
2.59
|
2.54
|
2.5
|
2.8*
|
|
Trust in local government (Yes)
|
1.82
|
1.84
|
1.97
|
1.81
|
1.83
|
1.82
|
1.7
|
2.1*
|
|
Trust in central government (Yes)
|
1.72
|
1.70
|
1.77
|
1.7
|
1.73
|
1.70
|
1.6
|
2.0*
|
|
Trust in police (Yes)
|
2.78
|
2.72
|
2.87
|
2.73
|
2.71
|
2.79
|
2.7
|
2.8***
|
|
Political attitudes (proportion of respondents answered YES)
|
|
Supports current political system (state level)
|
0.26
|
0.24
|
0.31
|
0.24***
|
0.27
|
0.22
|
0.22
|
0.32**
|
|
Supports current local political system
|
0.26
|
0.24
|
0.33
|
0.24**
|
0.26
|
0.25
|
0.22
|
0.35*
|
|
Is going to vote in last parliamentary elections
|
0.85
|
0.91*
|
0.75
|
0.95*
|
0.84
|
0.91*
|
0.86
|
0.90
|
|
Is going to vote in local elections
|
0.82
|
0.90*
|
0.72
|
0.88*
|
0.81
|
0.89*
|
0.84
|
0.87
|
|
Household demographics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Household size, people
|
2.96
|
3.03
|
2.9
|
3.0
|
2.9
|
3.1
|
2.98
|
3.02
|
|
Household income, '000 kuna/month, N=578
|
5.26
|
5.34
|
4.9
|
5.4*
|
5.11
|
5.5
|
5.32
|
5.22
|
|
2,000 kn and less
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.02***
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.03
|
|
2,001-3,500 kn
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
0.05
|
0.06***
|
0.07
|
0.05
|
0.06
|
0.06
|
|
3,501-5,000 kn
|
0.14
|
0.11
|
0.23
|
0.10***
|
0.15
|
0.10
|
0.13
|
0.11
|
|
5,001-6,500 kn
|
0.11
|
0.14
|
0.17
|
0.11***
|
0.13
|
0.11
|
0.11
|
0.14
|
|
6,501-8,000 kn
|
0.15
|
0.13
|
0.13
|
0.15***
|
0.14
|
0.15
|
0.15
|
0.13
|
|
8,001-10,000 kn
|
0.19
|
0.14
|
0.13
|
0.17***
|
0.17
|
0.16
|
0.17
|
0.16
|
|
More than 10,000 kn
|
0.34
|
0.40
|
0.28
|
0.39***
|
0.32
|
0.42
|
0.37
|
0.37
|
Note: the mean differences for female/male, City/Periphery are tested using T-test (for quantitative variables) and using Chi- square test for qualitative variables. Significant differences are indicated by *p<0.01, **p<0.05,***p<0.1. Source: authors’ calculation.
|
Indicator
(in ratio, if not indicated otherwise)
|
Have you or members of your household tried to
influence the budgetary process in the city of Zagreb in last 12 months?
|
The Government of the City of Zagreb should
allow the participation of citizens in drafting the city Budget?
|
Would you participate in public hearing on the
Budget of the city of Zagreb
|
|
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
|
Age, years
|
49.4
|
48.3
|
50.1
|
48.2
|
50.6
|
47.4**
|
|
Female
|
0.55
|
0.46
|
0.53
|
0.55
|
0.67
|
0.49*
|
|
Periphery
|
0.88
|
0.12
|
0.12
|
0.88
|
0.27
|
0.73
|
|
Centre
|
0.90
|
0.10
|
0.12
|
0.88
|
0.32
|
0.68
|
|
Risk attitude, 0-10 scale
|
5.0
|
4.8
|
4.7
|
4.8
|
4.4
|
4.9*
|
|
Number of years with
residence in Zagreb
|
40.9
|
39.4
|
39.2
|
39.6
|
40.2
|
39.2
|
|
Without school
|
0.002
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
|
Primary school
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
|
Secondary school
|
0.45
|
0.37
|
0.37
|
0.46
|
0.48
|
0.43
|
|
College, BA, MA, MS, PHD
|
0.53
|
0.59
|
0.61
|
0.52
|
0.48
|
0.55
|
|
Employed
|
0.52
|
0.54
|
0.56
|
0.52
|
0.50
|
0.54
|
|
Unemployed
|
0.08
|
0.05
|
0.05
|
0.08
|
0.05
|
0.09***
|
|
Retired
|
0.31
|
0.31
|
0.33
|
0.30
|
0.37
|
0.28***
|
|
Housekeeper
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
0.02
|
|
Inactive (student)
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
0.06
|
0.08
|
0.07
|
0.08
|
|
Trust,
in scale from 1-4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trust in people in community
(Yes)
|
2.54
|
2.76***
|
2.76
|
2.54**
|
2.58
|
2.55
|
|
Trust in local government
(Yes)
|
1.83
|
1.79
|
2.06
|
1.79*
|
1.92
|
1.78**
|
|
Trust in central government
(Yes)
|
1.69
|
1.72
|
1.97
|
1.68*
|
1.82
|
1.67**
|
|
Trust in police (Yes)
|
2.78
|
2.41*
|
2.94
|
2.73**
|
2.90
|
2.69*
|
|
Supports current political
system (state level)
|
0.25
|
0.25
|
0.47
|
0.22*
|
0.30
|
0.23**
|
|
Supports current local
political system
|
0.25
|
0.26
|
0.43
|
0.23*
|
0.30
|
0.23**
|
|
Is going to vote in
parliamentary elections
|
0.87
|
0.92
|
0.91
|
0.88
|
0.84
|
0.91*
|
|
Is going to vote in local
elections
|
0.85
|
0.89
|
0.91
|
0.87*
|
0.81
|
0.87*
|
|
Household demographics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Household size, people
|
3.0
|
3.1
|
3.0
|
3.3***
|
3.0
|
3.0
|
|
Household income, 000
kuna/month
|
5.26
|
5.34
|
5.3
|
5.3
|
5.06
|
5.4**
|
|
2,000 kn and less
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
0.00
|
0.02**
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
|
2,001-3,500 kn
|
0.06
|
0.10
|
0.04
|
0.06**
|
0.07
|
0.06
|
|
3,501-5,000 kn
|
0.13
|
0.08
|
0.23
|
0.11**
|
0.16
|
0.11
|
|
5,001-6,500 kn
|
0.12
|
0.16
|
0.05
|
0.13**
|
0.15
|
0.11
|
|
6,501-8,000 kn
|
0.15
|
0.12
|
0.08
|
0.15**
|
0.12
|
0.15
|
|
8,001-10,000 kn
|
0.17
|
0.16
|
0.14
|
0.17**
|
0.29
|
0.40
|
|
More than 10,000 kn
|
0.37
|
0.37
|
0.45
|
0.36**
|
0.02
|
0.01
|
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March, 2019
I/2019 |
