5356 Views
3541 Downloads |
Efficiency vs effectiveness: an analysis of tertiary education across Europe
Ozana Nadoveza Jelić*
Margareta Gardijan Kedžo*
Margareta Gardijan Kedžo
Affiliation: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business, Zagreb, Croatia
0000-0001-5390-057X
Article | Year: 2018 | Pages: 381 - 414 | Volume: 42 | Issue: 4 Received: June 1, 2018 | Accepted: October 21, 2018 | Published online: December 14, 2018
|
FULL ARTICLE
FIGURES & DATA
REFERENCES
CROSSMARK POLICY
METRICS
LICENCING
PDF
Source: Scheerens, Luyten and van Ravens (2011), adapted by the authors.
|
Label
|
Definition
|
Used in period
|
|
Countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Rep., Denmark, Germany, Estonia,
Ireland, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary,
Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland,
Sweden, UK
|
|
Inputs
|
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
|
General government expenditure (tertiary education, % GDP)
|
2004-2015
|
|
(I)FA(% EX)
|
Financial aid to students as % of total public expenditure on education,
at tertiary level of education
(ISCED 5 6, %)
|
2004-2012
|
|
(I)S/T
|
Ratio of pupils and students to teachers and
academic staff (tertiary education, levels 5-8)
|
2013-2015
|
|
Outputs
|
|
(O)GRAD(20-29)
|
Tertiary
education graduates, (ISCED 5-6, per 1 000 of population aged 20-29)
|
2004-2012
|
|
(O)GRADT(20-34)
|
Graduates aged 20-34, tertiary education level (% of
corresponding population)
|
2013-2015
|
|
(O)POPT
|
Population aged 15-64 with completed tertiary
education (levels 5-8)
|
2004-2015
|
|
(O)U/UT
|
Unemployment rates (%, 15-64) all ISCED 2011 levels
/ unemployment rates
(%, 15-64) tertiary education (levels 5-8)
|
2004-2015
|
|
Quality indicators of inputs and outputs
|
|
(O)U/UT*ACTT
|
(O)U/UT * Activity rates (%, of 15-64, tertiary
education (levels 5-8))
|
2004-2015
|
|
(O)GDP PC PPS
|
Gross domestic product at market prices, current
prices, purchasing power standard per capita
(% of average)
|
2004-2012
|
|
(O)UR_2016
|
Average overall score, university rankings - The
Higher Education
|
2013-2015
|
|
(I)PISA
|
Underachieving 15-year-old students (%, PISA survey,
an average of all fields)
|
2004-2015
|
Source: (Eurostat (2018b, 2018c, 2018g).
Source: Eurostat (2018d, 2018f, 2018g, 2018h, 2018j).
Source: Eurostat (2018a, 2018e, 2018i, 2018j); Times Higher Education (2017).
|
Period
|
2004-2012
|
2013-2015
|
|
Model
|
Inputs
|
Outputs
|
Inputs
|
Outputs
|
|
Quantity model
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)FA(% EX)
|
(O)GRAD(20-29)
(O)U/UT
(O)POPT
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)S/T
|
(O)GRAD(20-34)
(O)U/UT
(O)POPT
|
|
Output – quality model
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)FA(% EX)
|
(O)GRAD(20-29)
(O)U/UT*ACT
(O)GDPpc
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)S/T)
|
(O)GRAD(20-34)
(O)U/UT*ACT
(O)UR
|
|
Input – output quality model
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)FA(% EX)
(I)PISA a
|
(O)GRAD(20-29)
(O)U/UT*ACT
(O)GDPpc
|
(I)EX2(% GDP)
(I)S/T
(I)PISA
|
(O)GRAD(20-34)
(O)U/UT*ACT
(O)UR
|
a Circled variables present quality correction measures. Source: Authors.
|
Paper
|
Ahec Šonje,
Deskar-Škrbić and Šonje (2018)
|
Toth (2009)
|
Aristovnik and
Obadić (2011)
|
Aubyn et al.
(2009)
|
Yotova and
Stefanova (2017)
|
|
Year
|
2005-2013 (avg)
|
2006
|
1999-2007 (avg)
|
1998-2001
|
2002-2005
|
1998-2001
|
2002-2005
|
1998-2001
|
2002-2005
|
1998-2001
|
2002-2005
|
2012 and 2014
|
|
Model
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
4
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
|
No. of EU countries
|
11
|
17
|
22
|
22
|
22
|
25
|
9
|
|
Austria
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
|
13
|
9
|
11
|
9
|
10
|
6
|
9
|
8
|
|
|
|
|
Bulgaria
|
3
|
3
|
1
|
|
|
|
10
|
8
|
10
|
8
|
24
|
20
|
23
|
25
|
6
|
5
|
5
|
|
Belgium
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21
|
21
|
26
|
25
|
8
|
8
|
7
|
9
|
|
|
|
|
Cyprus
|
|
|
|
37
|
27
|
1
|
1
|
10
|
27
|
23
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Czech
Republic
|
1
|
1
|
11
|
1
|
33
|
7
|
17
|
18
|
|
|
14
|
17
|
22
|
24
|
3
|
3
|
1
|
|
Germany
|
|
|
13
|
|
|
|
15
|
16
|
12
|
10
|
9
|
11
|
10
|
11
|
|
|
|
|
Denmark
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
11
|
1
|
9
|
1
|
11
|
10
|
8
|
7
|
|
|
|
|
Estonia
|
8
|
2
|
|
21
|
16
|
19
|
27
|
28
|
17
|
22
|
18
|
15
|
17
|
16
|
7
|
7
|
6
|
|
Greece
|
|
|
18
|
19
|
10
|
31
|
18
|
22
|
28
|
27
|
19
|
24
|
24
|
23
|
|
|
|
|
Spain
|
|
|
1
|
32
|
17
|
34
|
26
|
27
|
20
|
20
|
21
|
18
|
18
|
15
|
|
|
|
|
Finland
|
|
|
12
|
1
|
1
|
20
|
1
|
7
|
1
|
7
|
1
|
7
|
1
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
France
|
|
|
9
|
34
|
24
|
32
|
19
|
17
|
16
|
11
|
12
|
13
|
12
|
14
|
|
|
|
|
Croatia
|
9
|
8
|
|
26
|
32
|
23
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hungary
|
4
|
7
|
16
|
12
|
28
|
9
|
23
|
23
|
24
|
26
|
23
|
22
|
21
|
22
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
|
Ireland
|
|
|
|
17
|
21
|
14
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
Italy
|
|
|
1
|
18
|
23
|
22
|
12
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
13
|
12
|
13
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
Lithuania
|
1
|
1
|
|
1
|
12
|
1
|
28
|
26
|
21
|
19
|
17
|
16
|
16
|
17
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
Latvia
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
20
|
13
|
23
|
17
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
Malta
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16
|
15
|
19
|
16
|
7
|
9
|
11
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
Netherlands
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
5
|
1
|
6
|
|
|
|
|
Poland
|
5
|
1
|
17
|
1
|
22
|
13
|
22
|
20
|
18
|
15
|
16
|
19
|
15
|
18
|
5
|
6
|
4
|
|
Portugal
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
|
25
|
25
|
22
|
21
|
22
|
21
|
20
|
21
|
|
|
|
|
Romania
|
2
|
6
|
|
13
|
35
|
10
|
|
|
1
|
13
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
|
Sweden
|
|
|
8
|
23
|
8
|
27
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
Slovenia
|
7
|
5
|
|
1
|
13
|
12
|
9
|
14
|
15
|
18
|
25
|
25
|
25
|
20
|
4
|
4
|
4
|
|
Slovakia
|
6
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
36
|
1
|
24
|
24
|
25
|
24
|
15
|
14
|
19
|
19
|
|
|
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
|
7
|
22
|
19
|
17
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
|
|
Source: Authors.
|
|
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
|
1
|
Belgium
|
Belgium
|
Belgium
|
Belgium
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
|
2
|
Bulgaria
|
Bulgaria
|
Belgium-Czech Rep.-Estonia
-Finland
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Slovakia-UK
|
|
3
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
|
4
|
Denmark
|
Denmark
|
Denmark
|
Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
|
5
|
Germany
|
Germany
|
Belgium-Slovakia-Finland
|
Bulgaria-Hungary-Finland-UK
|
Germany
|
|
6
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
|
7
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
|
8
|
Spain
|
Spain
|
Spain
|
Spain
|
Spain
|
|
9
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
|
10
|
Croatia
|
Croatia
|
Czech Rep.-Spain-Croatia
-Poland
|
Czech Rep.-France-Poland
|
Czech Rep.-Lithuania
|
|
11
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
|
12
|
Latvia
|
Latvia
|
Latvia
|
Czech Rep.-France-Lithuania-Poland-Romania
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
|
13
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
|
14
|
Hungary
|
Hungary
|
Ireland-Slovakia-Finland
-UK
|
Hungary
|
Hungary
|
|
15
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands
|
Belgium-Denmark-Finland
|
Ireland-Finland-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania-
|
|
16
|
Austria
|
Austria
|
Belgium-Slovakia-Finland
|
Bulgaria-Spain-Slovakia-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Spain-Slovakia-UK
|
|
17
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Lithuania
|
|
18
|
Portugal
|
Portugal
|
Ireland-Lithuania-Poland -Slovakia
|
France-Lithuania-Romania-UK
|
Lithuania-Slovakia
|
|
19
|
Romania
|
Romania
|
Poland-Slovakia
|
Romania
|
Romania
|
|
20
|
Slovenia
|
Slovenia
|
Lithuania-Slovakia-UK
|
Bulgaria-Lithuania-Hungary-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
|
21
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
|
22
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
|
23
|
Sweden
|
Sweden
|
Belgium-Denmark-Finland
|
Ireland-Finland-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
|
24
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
Note: Efficient countries are a projection of themselves.Source: Authors.
|
|
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
|
1
|
Belgium
|
Ireland-Italy-Slovakia-UK
|
Ireland-France-Lithuania-Slovakia-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Ireland-Austria
|
Germany-Netherlands-UK
|
|
2
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Rep.-Latvia-Lithuania-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Slovakia-
|
Germany-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden-
|
|
3
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Lithuania-Hungary-UK
|
|
4
|
Denmark
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark
|
|
5
|
Germany
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Germany
|
Germany
|
Germany
|
|
6
|
Estonia
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Poland-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Lithuania-Romania
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Lithuania-Netherlands-Sweden
|
|
7
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
|
8
|
Spain
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-France
|
Czech Rep.-France-Austria-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Spain-France-Italy
|
Spain
|
|
9
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
|
10
|
Croatia
|
Czech Rep.-Croatia-Poland
|
Czech Rep.-Poland
|
Czech Rep.-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden-
|
|
11
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy-UK
|
|
12
|
Latvia
|
Latvia
|
Czech Rep.-Lithuania-Romania-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Lithuania
|
Lithuania-Hungary-UK
|
|
13
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
|
14
|
Hungary
|
Lithuania-Poland-Slovakia-UK
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.-Germany
|
Hungary
|
|
15
|
Netherlands
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands-
|
|
16
|
Austria
|
Ireland-Italy-Slovakia-UK
|
Austria
|
Austria
|
Denmark-Netherlands-Sweden-UK
|
|
17
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Lithuania
|
Denmark-Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
|
18
|
Portugal
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-France
|
Ireland-Lithuania-Romania
|
Germany-Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden-UK
|
|
19
|
Romania
|
Lithuania-Poland-Slovakia
|
Romania
|
Romania
|
Denmark-Spain-Slovakia-UK
|
|
20
|
Slovenia
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
|
21
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia-
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
|
22
|
Finland
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Ireland-Austria
|
Denmark-Lithuania-Netherlands-Sweden
|
|
23
|
Sweden
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Germany-Ireland-Netherlands
|
Germany-Netherlands-Austria
|
Sweden
|
|
24
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
Source: Authors.
|
|
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
|
1
|
Belgium
|
Ireland-France-Italy-Slovakia-UK
|
Belgium
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Ireland-Austria
|
Germany-Netherlands-UK
|
|
2
|
Bulgaria
|
Czech Rep.-Latvia-Lithuania-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Slovakia
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-Slovakia
|
Germany-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden
|
|
3
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
Czech Rep.
|
|
4
|
Denmark
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark
|
|
5
|
Germany
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Germany
|
Germany
|
Germany
|
|
6
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
Estonia
|
|
7
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
Ireland
|
|
8
|
Spain
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-France
|
Czech Rep.-Germany-France-Austria-Slovakia
|
Spain
|
Spain
|
|
9
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
France
|
|
10
|
Croatia
|
Croatia
|
Czech Rep.-Poland
|
Czech Rep.-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden
|
|
11
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
Italy
|
|
12
|
Latvia
|
Latvia
|
Latvia
|
Czech Rep.-Lithuania-Poland-Finland
|
Germany-Ireland-Lithuania-Finland-UK
|
|
13
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania
|
|
14
|
Hungary
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Poland-UK
|
Czech Rep.-Slovakia-Finland
|
Czech Rep.-Germany
|
Hungary
|
|
15
|
Netherlands
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Finland
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands
|
|
16
|
Austria
|
Ireland-Italy-Slovakia-UK
|
Austria
|
Austria
|
Denmark-Sweden-UK
|
|
17
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
Poland
|
|
18
|
Portugal
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-France
|
Ireland-Lithuania-Poland-Romania
|
Germany-Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Spain-Lithuania-Slovakia-Sweden-UK
|
|
19
|
Romania
|
Lithuania-Poland-Slovakia
|
Romania-
|
Romania
|
Denmark-Spain-Slovakia-UK
|
|
20
|
Slovenia
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Poland-Finland
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland-Lithuania-UK
|
Ireland-Lithuania
|
Denmark-Estonia-Ireland-Finland-UK
|
|
21
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia
|
|
22
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
Finland
|
|
23
|
Sweden
|
Czech Rep.-Ireland
|
Germany-Ireland-Netherlands
|
Germany-Netherlands-Austria
|
Sweden
|
|
24
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
UK
|
Source: authors.
|
|
|
Quantity
model
|
Output
quality model
|
Input
and output quality model
|
|
|
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
2004-2006
|
2007-2009
|
2010-2012
|
2013-2015
|
|
1
|
Belgium
|
1
|
1
|
0,954
|
0,905
|
0,94
|
0,973
|
0,929
|
0,989
|
0,961
|
1
|
0,929
|
0,989
|
|
2
|
Bulgaria
|
0,879
|
1
|
0,964
|
1
|
0,707
|
0,879
|
0,864
|
0,986
|
0,707
|
0,879
|
0,864
|
0,986
|
|
3
|
Czech
Rep.
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,951
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,98
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
4
|
Denmark
|
1
|
0,932
|
0,912
|
1
|
0,877
|
0,996
|
0,993
|
1
|
0,877
|
1
|
0,993
|
1
|
|
5
|
Germany
|
0,876
|
0,954
|
1
|
1
|
0,93
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,93
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
6
|
Estonia
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,931
|
0,77
|
0,837
|
0,739
|
0,748
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
7
|
Ireland
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
8
|
Spain
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,92
|
0,943
|
1
|
1
|
0,92
|
0,952
|
1
|
1
|
|
9
|
France
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
10
|
Croatia
|
1
|
0,803
|
0,806
|
0,873
|
1
|
0,808
|
0,806
|
0,821
|
1
|
0,808
|
0,806
|
0,821
|
|
11
|
Italy
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
12
|
Latvia
|
1
|
0,943
|
0,905
|
0,857
|
1
|
0,919
|
0,904
|
0,862
|
1
|
1
|
0,955
|
0,924
|
|
13
|
Lithuania
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
14
|
Hungary
|
0,898
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,811
|
0,847
|
0,879
|
1
|
0,816
|
0,909
|
0,879
|
1
|
|
15
|
Netherlands
|
0,929
|
0,916
|
0,853
|
0,878
|
0,947
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,957
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
16
|
Austria
|
0,719
|
0,805
|
0,841
|
0,843
|
0,977
|
1
|
1
|
0,9
|
0,977
|
1
|
1
|
0,9
|
|
17
|
Poland
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,995
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0,975
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
18
|
Portugal
|
0,591
|
0,628
|
0,679
|
0,725
|
0,742
|
0,713
|
0,74
|
0,733
|
0,742
|
0,713
|
0,74
|
0,737
|
|
19
|
Romania
|
0,768
|
1
|
1
|
0,748
|
0,751
|
1
|
1
|
0,725
|
0,751
|
1
|
1
|
0,725
|
|
20
|
Slovenia
|
0,811
|
0,735
|
0,741
|
0,768
|
0,81
|
0,763
|
0,789
|
0,752
|
0,824
|
0,763
|
0,789
|
0,833
|
|
21
|
Slovakia
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
22
|
Finland
|
1
|
1
|
0,995
|
0,997
|
0,935
|
0,99
|
0,967
|
0,924
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
|
23
|
Sweden
|
0,903
|
0,906
|
0,914
|
1
|
0,908
|
0,969
|
0,98
|
1
|
0,908
|
0,969
|
0,98
|
1
|
|
24
|
UK
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Source: Authors.
Afonso, A. and St. Aubyn, M., 2006. Cross-country efficiency of secondary education provision: A semi-parametric analysis with non-discretionary inputs. Economic Modelling, 23(3), pp. 476–491 [ CrossRef]
Ahec Šonje, A., Deskar-Škrbić, M. and Šonje, V., 2018. Efficiency of public expenditure on education: comparing Croatia with other NMS. MPRA Paper, No. 85152.
Altinok, N., Diebolt, C. and Demeulemeester, J.-L., 2014. A new international database on education quality: 1965–2010. Applied Economics, 46(11), pp. 1212–1247 [ CrossRef]
Aristovnik, A., 2013a. Technical Efficiency of Education Sector in the EU and OECD Countries: The Case of Tertiary Education. Conference Proceedings 16th Toulon-Verona Conference "Excellence in Services", Ljubljana, 29 – 30 August 2013, pp. 43–51.
Aristovnik, A. and Obadić, A., 2014. Measuring relative efficiency of secondary education in selected EU and OECD countries: the case of Slovenia and Croatia. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 20(3), pp. 419–433 [ CrossRef]
Banker, R. D. and Morey, R. C., 1986. Efficiency Analysis for Exogenously Fixed Inputs and Outputs. Operations Research, 34(4), pp. 513–521 [ CrossRef]
Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W. and Rhodes, E., 1978. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), pp. 429–444 [ CrossRef]
Clements, B. J., 2002. How efficient is education spending in Europe? European review of economics and finance, 1(1), pp. 3–26.
Cooper, W. W., Seiford, L. M. and Zhu, J. (eds.), 2011. Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis. Cham: Springer Science and Business Media [ CrossRef]
Cooper, W. W. and Seiford, L. M., Tone, K., 2006. Introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis and Its Uses. New York: Springer [ CrossRef]
Emrouznejad, A. and Yang, G., 2018. A survey and analysis of the first 40 years of scholarly literature in DEA: 1978–2016. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. Recent developments on the use of DEA in the public sector, 61(March), pp. 4–8 [ CrossRef]
Fortunato, P. and Panizza, U., 2015. Democracy, education and the quality of government. Journal of Economic Growth, 20(4), pp. 333–363 [ CrossRef]
Hanushek, E. A. and Kimko, D. D., 2000. Schooling, Labor-Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations. American Economic Review, 90(5), pp. 1184–1208 [ CrossRef]
Kuosmanen, T., 2009. Data Envelopment Analysis with Missing Data. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 60(12), pp. 1767–1774 [ CrossRef]
Pritchett, L., 2013. The Rebirth of Education: Schooling Ain’t Learning. Center for Global Development. Washington: Center for Global Development.
Scheerens, J., Luyten, H. and van Ravens, J., 2011. Measuring Educational Quality by Means of Indicators in: J. Scheerens, H. Luyten and J. van Ravens, eds. Perspectives on Educational Quality. Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, pp. 35–50 [ CrossRef]
Szirmai, A., 2015. Socio-Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
|
|
December, 2018 IV/2018
|