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Pension reform in (F)BH with a special focus on gender issue
Velma Pijalović*
Velma Pijalović
Affiliation: School of Economics and Business, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 0000-0002-9676-5408
Lejla Lazović-Pita* 
Almir Peštek*
Almir Peštek
Affiliation: School of Economics and Business, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
0000-0001-5958-4993
Danijela Martinović*
Danijela Martinović
Affiliation: School of Economics and Business, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
0000-0002-6799-2265
Ademir Abdić*
Ademir Abdić
Affiliation: School of Economics and Business, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
0000-0002-9635-457X
Article | Year: 2021 | Pages: 305 - 328 | Volume: 45 | Issue: 3 Received: September 21, 2020 | Accepted: February 9, 2021 | Published online: September 6, 2021
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FULL ARTICLE
FIGURES & DATA
REFERENCES
CROSSMARK POLICY
METRICS
LICENCING
PDF
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Pension
category
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2014
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2015
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2016
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2017
|
2018
|
|
m
|
f
|
m
|
f
|
m
|
m
|
f
|
m
|
f
|
m
|
|
Old-age
|
247,420
|
118,596
|
258,555
|
122,522
|
259,308
|
133,850
|
267,068
|
136,933
|
272,828
|
139,328
|
|
Disability
|
54,287
|
24,437
|
49,015
|
21,119
|
47,937
|
22,095
|
44,614
|
20,626
|
44,309
|
20,244
|
|
Survivor’s
|
9,412
|
186,408
|
9,336
|
186,002
|
7,894
|
187,317
|
7,659
|
186,926
|
7,443
|
186,640
|
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Total
|
311,119
|
329,441
|
316,906
|
329,643
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315,139
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343,262
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319,341
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344,485
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324,580
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346,212
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Source: BHAS (2020b).
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Pensions
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2014
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2015
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2016
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2017
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2018
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2019
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Old-age
|
16.4
|
15.5
|
14.7
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13.5
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12.6
|
11.5
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|
Disability
|
16.6
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17.1
|
17.5
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18.1
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18.7
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19.1
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N.B. as previously noted, Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of the RS does not classify survivor’s pension beneficiaries by gender.Source: Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of the RS, 2020; own calculation.
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Factor
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Category
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Female
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Male
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Total
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Status
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0 = Not Retired
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79.5
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71.0
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76.2
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1 = Retired
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20.5
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29.0
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23.8
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Age
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1 = 15-24
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3.8
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2.2
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3.2
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2 = 25-34
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18.4
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13.1
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16.4
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3 = 35-44
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33.0
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29.2
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31.5
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4 = 45-54
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16.2
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16.2
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16.2
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5 = 55-64
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12.9
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16.6
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14.3
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6 = 65+
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15.7
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22.7
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18.4
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Education
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1 = Without primary
education
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0.5
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0.0
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0.3
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2 = Primary
education
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0.8
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0.0
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0.5
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3 = Secondary
education
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19.7
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19.1
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19.5
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4 = Qualified
worker
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0.8
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5.9
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2.8
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5 = Short-cycle
tertiary education
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10.1
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8.0
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9.3
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6 = Bachelor or
equivalent
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41.1
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37.7
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39.8
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7 = Master or
equivalent
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19.3
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17.0
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18.3
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8 = Doctor or
equivalent
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7.7
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12.3
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9.5
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Self-reported net monthly income
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1 = BAM 350 or less
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5.1
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2.2
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4.0
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2 = BAM 351-700
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11.1
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12.6
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11.7
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3 = BAM 701 - 1,000
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12.4
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14.7
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13.3
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4 = BAM 1,001 -
1,500
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17.6
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13.4
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16.0
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5 = BAM 1,501 -
2,000
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16.8
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16.4
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16.6
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6 = BAM 2,001 -
2,500
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13.2
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13.0
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13.1
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7 = More than BAM 2,500
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23.8
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27.7
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25.3
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Self -reported standard of living
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1 = Very poor
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1.1
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0.4
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0.8
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2 = Poor
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1.4
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1.7
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1.5
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3 = Just getting
along
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14
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10.3
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12.6
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4 = Average
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50.0
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49.6
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49.8
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5 = Comfortable
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24.3
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27.3
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25.5
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6 = Very
comfortable
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8.9
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9.4
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9.1
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7 = Rich
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0.3
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1.3
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0.7
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Pensions should be provided through
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1 = Private
arrangements
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12.1
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15.0
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13.3
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2 = Employer’s
direct payment to employee’s personal account
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26.9
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22.0
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25.0
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3 = Public funds
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61.0
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63.0
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61.7
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Marital status
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0 = Single
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58.0
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79.7
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66.4
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1 = With partner
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42.0
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20.3
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33.6
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N.B. Not-retired category includes self-employed, house persons, other white collars, managers, students, manual workers, and unemployed. Source: Authors.
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EQU_c
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Women
and men should retire at the same age.
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Pensioners
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-1.440**
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Education
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0.450*
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Gender
|
0.486**
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Age
|
|
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2
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-0.985
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3
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-0.709
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4
|
-0.685
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|
5
|
-1.292**
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|
6
|
-0.116
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Self-reported
income
|
|
|
2
|
1.167
|
|
3
|
0.854
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|
4
|
1.008
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|
5
|
0.342
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|
6
|
0.162
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|
7
|
0.537
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Self-reported
standard of living
|
|
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2
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-0.219
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3
|
0.362
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Pensions should be provided
through
|
|
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2
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-0.158
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|
3
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0.236
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Marital status
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-0.431*
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Const.
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-0.316
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Observations
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448
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N.B. Education: dichotomous variable where respondents with a tertiary level or higher were coded as ‘1’ and respondents with qualifications below tertiary level by ‘0’. Self-reported standard of living: ordinal variable where “Below average” =1; “Average” =2 and “Above average”=3. *p<0.10, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01. Source: Authors.
Table 1Overview of the number of pensioners by years, pension categories and gender in BH DISPLAY Table
Table 2The size of GGP (in %) by pension category in the RS DISPLAY Table
Figure 1Attitudes of respondents regarding pension system reform elements that might affect pension gender differences DISPLAY Figure
Table 3Sample description (in %) DISPLAY Table
Table 4Regression coefficients of binomial logit regression DISPLAY Table
* The authors would like to thank the two independent reviewers for their most useful suggestions and comments.
1 The estimated size of the shadow economy in BH for 2015 (latest available year) was 29.9% of GDP using the MIMIC approach (Medina and Schneider,  2018).
2 With the outlier in 2016 when the number of women receiving disability pensions was increased.
3 Fixed exchange rate between EUR and BAM, EUR 1 = BAM 1.95583.
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September, 2021
III/2021
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