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Pension reform in (F)BH with a special focus on gender issue
Velma Pijalović*
Velma Pijalović
Affiliation: School of Economics and Business, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
0000-0002-9676-5408
Lejla Lazović-Pita*
Almir Peštek*
Almir Peštek
Affiliation: School of Economics and Business, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
0000-0001-5958-4993
Danijela Martinović*
Danijela Martinović
Affiliation: School of Economics and Business, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
0000-0002-6799-2265
Ademir Abdić*
Ademir Abdić
Affiliation: School of Economics and Business, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
0000-0002-9635-457X
Article | Year: 2021 | Pages: 305 - 328 | Volume: 45 | Issue: 3 Received: September 21, 2020 | Accepted: February 9, 2021 | Published online: September 6, 2021
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FULL ARTICLE
FIGURES & DATA
REFERENCES
CROSSMARK POLICY
METRICS
LICENCING
PDF
Pension
category
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2014
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2015
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2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
m
|
f
|
m
|
f
|
m
|
m
|
f
|
m
|
f
|
m
|
Old-age
|
247,420
|
118,596
|
258,555
|
122,522
|
259,308
|
133,850
|
267,068
|
136,933
|
272,828
|
139,328
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Disability
|
54,287
|
24,437
|
49,015
|
21,119
|
47,937
|
22,095
|
44,614
|
20,626
|
44,309
|
20,244
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Survivor’s
|
9,412
|
186,408
|
9,336
|
186,002
|
7,894
|
187,317
|
7,659
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186,926
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7,443
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186,640
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Total
|
311,119
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329,441
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316,906
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329,643
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315,139
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343,262
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319,341
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344,485
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324,580
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346,212
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N.B. Number of men and women in the survivor’s pensions section is estimated since the Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of the RS does not classify this type of pension by gender.Source: BHAS (2020b).
Pensions
|
2014
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2015
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2016
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2017
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2018
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2019
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Old-age
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16.4
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15.5
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14.7
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13.5
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12.6
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11.5
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Disability
|
16.6
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17.1
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17.5
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18.1
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18.7
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19.1
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N.B. as previously noted, Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of the RS does not classify survivor’s pension beneficiaries by gender.Source: Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of the RS, 2020; own calculation.
Factor
|
Category
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Female
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Male
|
Total
|
Status
|
0 = Not Retired
|
79.5
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71.0
|
76.2
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1 = Retired
|
20.5
|
29.0
|
23.8
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Age
|
1 = 15-24
|
3.8
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2.2
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3.2
|
2 = 25-34
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18.4
|
13.1
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16.4
|
3 = 35-44
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33.0
|
29.2
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31.5
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4 = 45-54
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16.2
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16.2
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16.2
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5 = 55-64
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12.9
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16.6
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14.3
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6 = 65+
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15.7
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22.7
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18.4
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Education
|
1 = Without primary
education
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0.5
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0.0
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0.3
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2 = Primary
education
|
0.8
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0.0
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0.5
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3 = Secondary
education
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19.7
|
19.1
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19.5
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4 = Qualified
worker
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0.8
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5.9
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2.8
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5 = Short-cycle
tertiary education
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10.1
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8.0
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9.3
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6 = Bachelor or
equivalent
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41.1
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37.7
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39.8
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7 = Master or
equivalent
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19.3
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17.0
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18.3
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8 = Doctor or
equivalent
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7.7
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12.3
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9.5
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Self-reported net monthly income
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1 = BAM 350 or less
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5.1
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2.2
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4.0
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2 = BAM 351-700
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11.1
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12.6
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11.7
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3 = BAM 701 - 1,000
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12.4
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14.7
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13.3
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4 = BAM 1,001 -
1,500
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17.6
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13.4
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16.0
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5 = BAM 1,501 -
2,000
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16.8
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16.4
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16.6
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6 = BAM 2,001 -
2,500
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13.2
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13.0
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13.1
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7 = More than BAM 2,500
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23.8
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27.7
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25.3
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Self -reported standard of living
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1 = Very poor
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1.1
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0.4
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0.8
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2 = Poor
|
1.4
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1.7
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1.5
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3 = Just getting
along
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14
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10.3
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12.6
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4 = Average
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50.0
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49.6
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49.8
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5 = Comfortable
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24.3
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27.3
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25.5
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6 = Very
comfortable
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8.9
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9.4
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9.1
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7 = Rich
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0.3
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1.3
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0.7
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Pensions should be provided through
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1 = Private
arrangements
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12.1
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15.0
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13.3
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2 = Employer’s
direct payment to employee’s personal account
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26.9
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22.0
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25.0
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3 = Public funds
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61.0
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63.0
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61.7
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Marital status
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0 = Single
|
58.0
|
79.7
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66.4
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1 = With partner
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42.0
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20.3
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33.6
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N.B. Not-retired category includes self-employed, house persons, other white collars, managers, students, manual workers, and unemployed. Source: Authors.
EQU_c
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Women
and men should retire at the same age.
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Pensioners
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-1.440**
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Education
|
0.450*
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Gender
|
0.486**
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Age
|
|
2
|
-0.985
|
3
|
-0.709
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4
|
-0.685
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5
|
-1.292**
|
6
|
-0.116
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Self-reported
income
|
|
2
|
1.167
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3
|
0.854
|
4
|
1.008
|
5
|
0.342
|
6
|
0.162
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7
|
0.537
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Self-reported
standard of living
|
|
2
|
-0.219
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3
|
0.362
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Pensions should be provided
through
|
|
2
|
-0.158
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3
|
0.236
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Marital status
|
-0.431*
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Const.
|
-0.316
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Observations
|
448
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N.B. Education: dichotomous variable where respondents with a tertiary level or higher were coded as ‘1’ and respondents with qualifications below tertiary level by ‘0’. Self-reported standard of living: ordinal variable where “Below average” =1; “Average” =2 and “Above average”=3. *p<0.10, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01. Source: Authors.
Agencija za ravnopravnost polova, 2018. Gender akcioni plan Bosne i Hercegovine za period 2018-2022. godina. Sarajevo: Ministarstvo za ljudska prava i izbjeglice.
Bardasi, E. and Jenkins, S. P., 2010. The gender gap in private pensions. Bulletin of Economic Research, 62(4), pp. 343-363 [ CrossRef]
Barrientos, A., 1998. Pension reform, personal pensions and gender differences in pension coverage. World development, 26(1), pp. 125-137 [ CrossRef]
Begović, S. [et al.], 2020. An investigation of determinants of youth propensity to emigrate from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), pp. 1-17 [ CrossRef]
BHAS, 2020b. Structure of pensions in BH. Sarajevo: Agencija za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine.
Direkcija za ekonomsko planiranje BiH, 2009. Strategija socijalnog uključivanja Bosne i Hercegovine. Sarajevo: Direkcija za ekonomsko planiranje BiH.
Even, W. E. and Macpherson, D. A., 1994. Gender differences in pensions. Journal of Human Resources, 29(2), pp. 555-587.
FBH Government, 2013. Strategija reforme penzijskog sistema u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine (prijedlog). Sarajevo: Predstavnički dom Parlamenta FBH.
Flory, J., 2012. The Gender Pension Gap: Developing an Indicator Measuring Fair Income Opportunities for Women and Men. Berlin: Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth.
Hasanbegović, D., Dizdar, A. and Agić, N., 2019. Metodologija izrade izvještaja. Narandžasti izvještaj, (5), pp. 10-11.
Jefferson, T., 2009. Women and retirement pensions: A research review. Feminist Economics, 15(4), pp. 115-145 [ CrossRef]
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Medina, L. and Schneider, F., 2018. Shadow economies around the world: what did we learn over the last 20 years? IMF Working paper, No. 2018/17 [ CrossRef]
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Pijalović, V. [et al.], 2018. The analysis of perceptions and attitudes related to ageing in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Public Sector Economics, 42(3), pp. 255-278 [ CrossRef]
Ståhlberg, A. C., Kruse, A. and Sundén, A., 2005a. Pension design and gender. European Journal of Social Security, 7(1), pp. 57-79 [ CrossRef]
Ståhlberg, A. C., Kruse, A. and Sundén, A., 2005b. Pension design and gender: Analyses of developed and developing countries. Gender Issues, 22(3), pp. 6-45.
Tinios, P. [et al], 2015. Men, women and pensions. Luxembourg, UK: Publications Office of the European Union.
Zakon o mirovinskom i invalidskom osiguranju Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine (Sl. nov. FBH br. 29/98, 49/00, 32/01, 75/05, 59/06, 4/09, 3/18).
Zakon o osnovnim pravima iz penzijskog i invalidskog osiguranja Službeni list SFRJ, br. 35/72, 18/76, 58/76, 22/78 i 74/80.
Zakon o penzijskom i invalidskom osiguranju Republike Srpske (Sl. glasnik RS br. 32/00, 40/00, 37/01, 32/02, 40/02, 47/02, 110/03 i 67/05, 33/08, 01/09, 106/09, 118/09, 134/11).
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September, 2021 III/2021
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