Public debt and GDP growth in BRICS: unravelling time-scale complexities through wavelet analysis
https://doi.org/10.3326/pse.49.3.2 | Published online: September 3, 2025 Figure 1
Public debt from 1996 to 2022 in BRIC countries (general government debt as a percentage of GDP)  Figure 2
GDP growth from 1996 to 2022 in BRIC countries (GDP per capita in USD; current price)  Table 1
Variables, definitions, and sources
Source: Authors’ compilation. Table 2
Time scale intervals
Table 3
Descriptive statistics
Note: Number of observations = 27. Source: Authors’ computer estimation. Figure 3
Brazil wavelet coherence spectrum  Figure 4
Russia wavelet coherence spectrum  Figure 5
India wavelet coherence spectrum  Figure 6
China wavelet coherence spectrum  Table 4
Summary: wavelet coherence spectrum for the BRIC nations
Figure 7
Brazil cross wavelet coherence  Figure 8
Russia cross wavelet coherence  Figure 9
India cross wavelet coherence  Figure 10
China cross wavelet coherence  Table 5
Summary: cross-wavelet coherence analysis
Table 6
Granger causality test results
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