Socioeconomic inequality in the use of long-term care for the elderly in Europe

N

Formal care =
Yes (%)

Informal care
= Yes (%)

SP health
(mean (SD))

ADL
(mean (SD))

Chronic
(mean (SD))

Area =
Rural (%)

Austria

1,153

183
(15.9)

449
(38.9)

3.15
(1.02)

0.28
(0.91)

2.07
(1.66)

457
(39.6)

Germany

1,971

301
(15.3)

582
(29.5)

3.31
(0.94)

0.36
(1.07)

2.32
(1.74)

709
(36.0)

Sweden

1,914

196
(10.2)

464
(24.2)

2.88
(1.08)

0.17
(0.67)

1.81
(1.46)

319
(16.7)

Netherlands

1,482

247
(16.7)

355
(24.0)

2.96
(1.03)

0.16
(0.59)

1.60
(1.39)

293
(19.8)

Spain

1,614

301
(18.6)

310
(19.2)

3.43
(0.96)

0.54
(1.43)

2.35
(1.73)

370
(22.9)

Italy

1,457

163
(11.2)

273
(18.7)

3.46
(0.93)

0.33
(1.04)

1.90
(1.50)

511
(35.1)

France

1,790

299
(16.7)

509
(28.4)

3.28
(0.96)

0.29
(0.83)

2.13
(1.62)

870
(48.6)

Denmark

1,442

180
(12.5)

501
(34.7)

2.68
(1.11)

0.17
(0.63)

1.86
(1.50)

337
(23.4)

Greece

2,040

150
(7.4)

491
(24.1)

3.29
(0.95)

0.21
(0.86)

2.36
(1.61)

365
(17.9)

Switzerland

1,396

171
(12.2)

365
(26.1)

2.81
(0.93)

0.11
(0.45)

1.53
(1.41)

752
(53.9)

Belgium

1,319

370
(28.1)

381
(28.9)

3.09
(0.92)

0.32
(0.85)

2.19
(1.60)

255
(19.3)

Czech Republic

2,035

184
(9.0)

827
(40.6)

3.20
(0.82)

0.32
(0.96)

2.41
(1.68)

583
(28.6)

Poland

1,282

46
(3.6)

239
(18.6)

3.72
(0.83)

0.43
(1.18)

2.83
(2.00)

636
(49.6)

Luxembourg

581

70
(12.0)

109
(18.8)

3.25
(0.93)

0.22
(0.81)

2.64
(2.10)

262
(45.1)

Hungary

574

55
(9.6)

145
(25.3)

3.54
(0.94)

0.31
(0.92)

2.27
(1.56)

190
(33.1)

Slovenia

1,785

95
(5.3)

431
(24.1)

3.35
(0.96)

0.36
(1.15)

2.13
(1.61)

685
(38.4)

Estonia

2,121

107
(5.0)

741
(34.9)

3.96
(0.76)

0.40
(1.05)

2.24
(1.72)

705
(33.2)

Croatia

725

44
(6.1)

214
(29.5)

3.58
(0.98)

0.33
(1.02)

2.42
(1.67)

210
(29.0)

Lithuania

837

40
(4.8)

179
(21.4)

3.78
(0.75)

0.51
(1.35)

2.43
(1.78)

252
(30.1)

Bulgaria

586

33
(5.6)

168
(28.7)

3.55
(0.97)

0.36
(1.05)

2.11
(1.44)

290
(49.5)

Cyprus

404

97
(24.0)

88
(21.8)

3.37
(1.05)

0.44
(1.31)

2.51
(1.73)

93
(23.0)

Finland

719

61
(8.5)

217
(30.2)

3.31
(0.90)

0.18
(0.64)

2.34
(1.64)

344
(47.8)

Latvia

486

16
(3.3)

101
(20.8)

4.11
(0.70)

0.22
(0.76)

2.04
(1.33)

151
(31.1)

Malta

494

29
(5.9)

53
(10.7)

3.33
(0.86)

0.17
(0.90)

1.68
(1.28)

120
(24.3)

Romania

735

19
(2.6)

214
(29.1)

3.79
(0.98)

0.49
(1.36)

1.94
(1.49)

551
(75.0)

Slovakia

398

30
(7.5)

72
(18.1)

3.20
(0.96)

0.26
(0.84)

1.59
(1.57)

229
(57.5)

Age
(mean (SD))

Gender =
Female (%)

Married =
Married (%)

Children
(mean (SD))

Education
(mean (SD))

Income
(mean (SD))

Austria

75.90
(7.11)

695
(60.3)

701
(60.8)

2.21
(1.40)

9.26
(4.87)

2220
(2566)

Germany

74.82
(6.86)

1004
(50.9)

1424
(72.2)

1.99
(1.22)

12.89
(3.62)

2062
(883)

Sweden

76.07
(7.02)

1018
(53.2)

1329
(69.4)

2.28
(1.24)

12.02
(3.98)

1708
(800)

Netherlands

74.29
(6.64)

764
(51.6)

1167
(78.7)

2.30
(1.32)

12.04
(3.83)

1896
(803)

Spain

77.05
(8.11)

896
(55.5)

1157
(71.7)

2.36
(1.48)

8.29
(5.00)

1441
(1456)

Italy

75.60
(7.06)

779
(53.5)

1121
(76.9)

2.08
(1.26)

8.24
(4.36)

1358
(917)

France

75.30
(7.72)

1021
(57.0)

1094
(61.1)

2.22
(1.32)

11.97
(3.84)

2118
(1700)

Denmark

74.58
(6.95)

771
(53.5)

980
(68.0)

2.29
(1.21)

13.35
(3.45)

2579
(3493)

Greece

75.17
(7.28)

1079
(52.9)

1460
(71.6)

1.91
(1.05)

9.01
(4.26)

1723
(2634)

Switzerland

75.22
(7.43)

749
(53.7)

927
(66.4)

2.13
(1.36)

8.83
(5.41)

3837
(6361)

Belgium

74.78
(7.44)

710
(53.8)

862
(65.4)

2.12
(1.30)

12.53
(3.72)

1798
(717)

Czech Republic

74.69
(6.44)

1200
(59.0)

1286
(63.2)

2.21
(0.99)

12.36
(3.18)

1138
(881)

Poland

73.81
(7.24)

690
(53.8)

910
(71.0)

2.45
(1.46)

10.18
 (3.32)

1130
(1042)

Luxembourg

73.49
(6.64)

301
(51.8)

436
(75.0)

1.90
(1.24)

11.95
(4.42)

3548
(4067)

Hungary

73.60
(6.47)

345
(60.1)

335
(58.4)

1.79
(0.99)

10.86
(2.83)

835
(396)

Slovenia

75.10
(7.35)

1027
(57.5)

1255
(70.3)

1.99
(0.95)

10.56
(3.29)

1779
(2469)

Estonia

76.39
(7.35)

1358
(64.0)

1142
(53.8)

1.95
(1.21)

11.76
(3.48)

944
(762)

Croatia

73.97
(6.59)

386
(53.2)

535
(73.8)

1.86
(0.98)

10.21
(3.73)

1062
(1219)

Lithuania

76.03
(7.44)

535
(63.9)

427
(51.0)

2.09
(1.25)

10.94
(4.09)

1083
(1420)

Bulgaria

74.34
(6.68)

356
(60.8)

332
(56.7)

1.95
(0.82)

10.23
(3.35)

653
(748)

Cyprus

76.92
(7.33)

241
(59.7)

286
(70.8)

2.55
(1.29)

8.58
(4.37)

6565
(7901)

Finland

74.67
(6.61)

381
(53.0)

512
(71.2)

2.22
(1.57)

11.18
(3.68)

2986
(5077)

Latvia

75.28
(6.83)

321
(66.0)

246
(50.6)

1.74
(1.17)

11.51
(3.24)

1098
(1689)

Malta

73.55
(6.33)

260
(52.6)

402
(81.4)

2.43
(1.39)

9.23
(3.69)

1561
(2403)

Romania

73.74
(6.99)

409
(55.6)

479
(65.2)

2.30
(1.51)

8.93
(3.69)

686
(375)

Slovakia

71.68
(5.79)

209
(52.5)

283
(71.1)

1.98
(1.11)

11.60
(2.08)

1842
(2890)