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Socioeconomic inequality in the use of long-term care for the elderly in Europe
Article | Year: 2023 | Pages: 149 - 176 | Volume: 47 | Issue: 2 Received: October 3, 2022 | Accepted: January 31, 2023 | Published online: June 12, 2023
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FULL ARTICLE
FIGURES & DATA
REFERENCES
CROSSMARK POLICY
METRICS
LICENCING
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N
|
Formal care =
Yes (%)
|
Informal care
= Yes (%)
|
SP health
(mean (SD))
|
ADL
(mean (SD))
|
Chronic
(mean (SD))
|
Area =
Rural (%)
|
|
Austria
|
1,153
|
183
(15.9)
|
449
(38.9)
|
3.15
(1.02)
|
0.28
(0.91)
|
2.07
(1.66)
|
457
(39.6)
|
|
Germany
|
1,971
|
301
(15.3)
|
582
(29.5)
|
3.31
(0.94)
|
0.36
(1.07)
|
2.32
(1.74)
|
709
(36.0)
|
|
Sweden
|
1,914
|
196
(10.2)
|
464
(24.2)
|
2.88
(1.08)
|
0.17
(0.67)
|
1.81
(1.46)
|
319
(16.7)
|
|
Netherlands
|
1,482
|
247
(16.7)
|
355
(24.0)
|
2.96
(1.03)
|
0.16
(0.59)
|
1.60
(1.39)
|
293
(19.8)
|
|
Spain
|
1,614
|
301
(18.6)
|
310
(19.2)
|
3.43
(0.96)
|
0.54
(1.43)
|
2.35
(1.73)
|
370
(22.9)
|
|
Italy
|
1,457
|
163
(11.2)
|
273
(18.7)
|
3.46
(0.93)
|
0.33
(1.04)
|
1.90
(1.50)
|
511
(35.1)
|
|
France
|
1,790
|
299
(16.7)
|
509
(28.4)
|
3.28
(0.96)
|
0.29
(0.83)
|
2.13
(1.62)
|
870
(48.6)
|
|
Denmark
|
1,442
|
180
(12.5)
|
501
(34.7)
|
2.68
(1.11)
|
0.17
(0.63)
|
1.86
(1.50)
|
337
(23.4)
|
|
Greece
|
2,040
|
150
(7.4)
|
491
(24.1)
|
3.29
(0.95)
|
0.21
(0.86)
|
2.36
(1.61)
|
365
(17.9)
|
|
Switzerland
|
1,396
|
171
(12.2)
|
365
(26.1)
|
2.81
(0.93)
|
0.11
(0.45)
|
1.53
(1.41)
|
752
(53.9)
|
|
Belgium
|
1,319
|
370
(28.1)
|
381
(28.9)
|
3.09
(0.92)
|
0.32
(0.85)
|
2.19
(1.60)
|
255
(19.3)
|
|
Czech Republic
|
2,035
|
184
(9.0)
|
827
(40.6)
|
3.20
(0.82)
|
0.32
(0.96)
|
2.41
(1.68)
|
583
(28.6)
|
|
Poland
|
1,282
|
46
(3.6)
|
239
(18.6)
|
3.72
(0.83)
|
0.43
(1.18)
|
2.83
(2.00)
|
636
(49.6)
|
|
Luxembourg
|
581
|
70
(12.0)
|
109
(18.8)
|
3.25
(0.93)
|
0.22
(0.81)
|
2.64
(2.10)
|
262
(45.1)
|
|
Hungary
|
574
|
55
(9.6)
|
145
(25.3)
|
3.54
(0.94)
|
0.31
(0.92)
|
2.27
(1.56)
|
190
(33.1)
|
|
Slovenia
|
1,785
|
95
(5.3)
|
431
(24.1)
|
3.35
(0.96)
|
0.36
(1.15)
|
2.13
(1.61)
|
685
(38.4)
|
|
Estonia
|
2,121
|
107
(5.0)
|
741
(34.9)
|
3.96
(0.76)
|
0.40
(1.05)
|
2.24
(1.72)
|
705
(33.2)
|
|
Croatia
|
725
|
44
(6.1)
|
214
(29.5)
|
3.58
(0.98)
|
0.33
(1.02)
|
2.42
(1.67)
|
210
(29.0)
|
|
Lithuania
|
837
|
40
(4.8)
|
179
(21.4)
|
3.78
(0.75)
|
0.51
(1.35)
|
2.43
(1.78)
|
252
(30.1)
|
|
Bulgaria
|
586
|
33
(5.6)
|
168
(28.7)
|
3.55
(0.97)
|
0.36
(1.05)
|
2.11
(1.44)
|
290
(49.5)
|
|
Cyprus
|
404
|
97
(24.0)
|
88
(21.8)
|
3.37
(1.05)
|
0.44
(1.31)
|
2.51
(1.73)
|
93
(23.0)
|
|
Finland
|
719
|
61
(8.5)
|
217
(30.2)
|
3.31
(0.90)
|
0.18
(0.64)
|
2.34
(1.64)
|
344
(47.8)
|
|
Latvia
|
486
|
16
(3.3)
|
101
(20.8)
|
4.11
(0.70)
|
0.22
(0.76)
|
2.04
(1.33)
|
151
(31.1)
|
|
Malta
|
494
|
29
(5.9)
|
53
(10.7)
|
3.33
(0.86)
|
0.17
(0.90)
|
1.68
(1.28)
|
120
(24.3)
|
|
Romania
|
735
|
19
(2.6)
|
214
(29.1)
|
3.79
(0.98)
|
0.49
(1.36)
|
1.94
(1.49)
|
551
(75.0)
|
|
Slovakia
|
398
|
30
(7.5)
|
72
(18.1)
|
3.20
(0.96)
|
0.26
(0.84)
|
1.59
(1.57)
|
229
(57.5)
|
|
Age
(mean (SD))
|
Gender =
Female (%)
|
Married =
Married (%)
|
Children
(mean (SD))
|
Education
(mean (SD))
|
Income
(mean (SD))
|
|
Austria
|
75.90
(7.11)
|
695
(60.3)
|
701
(60.8)
|
2.21
(1.40)
|
9.26
(4.87)
|
2220
(2566)
|
|
Germany
|
74.82
(6.86)
|
1004
(50.9)
|
1424
(72.2)
|
1.99
(1.22)
|
12.89
(3.62)
|
2062
(883)
|
|
Sweden
|
76.07
(7.02)
|
1018
(53.2)
|
1329
(69.4)
|
2.28
(1.24)
|
12.02
(3.98)
|
1708
(800)
|
|
Netherlands
|
74.29
(6.64)
|
764
(51.6)
|
1167
(78.7)
|
2.30
(1.32)
|
12.04
(3.83)
|
1896
(803)
|
|
Spain
|
77.05
(8.11)
|
896
(55.5)
|
1157
(71.7)
|
2.36
(1.48)
|
8.29
(5.00)
|
1441
(1456)
|
|
Italy
|
75.60
(7.06)
|
779
(53.5)
|
1121
(76.9)
|
2.08
(1.26)
|
8.24
(4.36)
|
1358
(917)
|
|
France
|
75.30
(7.72)
|
1021
(57.0)
|
1094
(61.1)
|
2.22
(1.32)
|
11.97
(3.84)
|
2118
(1700)
|
|
Denmark
|
74.58
(6.95)
|
771
(53.5)
|
980
(68.0)
|
2.29
(1.21)
|
13.35
(3.45)
|
2579
(3493)
|
|
Greece
|
75.17
(7.28)
|
1079
(52.9)
|
1460
(71.6)
|
1.91
(1.05)
|
9.01
(4.26)
|
1723
(2634)
|
|
Switzerland
|
75.22
(7.43)
|
749
(53.7)
|
927
(66.4)
|
2.13
(1.36)
|
8.83
(5.41)
|
3837
(6361)
|
|
Belgium
|
74.78
(7.44)
|
710
(53.8)
|
862
(65.4)
|
2.12
(1.30)
|
12.53
(3.72)
|
1798
(717)
|
|
Czech Republic
|
74.69
(6.44)
|
1200
(59.0)
|
1286
(63.2)
|
2.21
(0.99)
|
12.36
(3.18)
|
1138
(881)
|
|
Poland
|
73.81
(7.24)
|
690
(53.8)
|
910
(71.0)
|
2.45
(1.46)
|
10.18
(3.32)
|
1130
(1042)
|
|
Luxembourg
|
73.49
(6.64)
|
301
(51.8)
|
436
(75.0)
|
1.90
(1.24)
|
11.95
(4.42)
|
3548
(4067)
|
|
Hungary
|
73.60
(6.47)
|
345
(60.1)
|
335
(58.4)
|
1.79
(0.99)
|
10.86
(2.83)
|
835
(396)
|
|
Slovenia
|
75.10
(7.35)
|
1027
(57.5)
|
1255
(70.3)
|
1.99
(0.95)
|
10.56
(3.29)
|
1779
(2469)
|
|
Estonia
|
76.39
(7.35)
|
1358
(64.0)
|
1142
(53.8)
|
1.95
(1.21)
|
11.76
(3.48)
|
944
(762)
|
|
Croatia
|
73.97
(6.59)
|
386
(53.2)
|
535
(73.8)
|
1.86
(0.98)
|
10.21
(3.73)
|
1062
(1219)
|
|
Lithuania
|
76.03
(7.44)
|
535
(63.9)
|
427
(51.0)
|
2.09
(1.25)
|
10.94
(4.09)
|
1083
(1420)
|
|
Bulgaria
|
74.34
(6.68)
|
356
(60.8)
|
332
(56.7)
|
1.95
(0.82)
|
10.23
(3.35)
|
653
(748)
|
|
Cyprus
|
76.92
(7.33)
|
241
(59.7)
|
286
(70.8)
|
2.55
(1.29)
|
8.58
(4.37)
|
6565
(7901)
|
|
Finland
|
74.67
(6.61)
|
381
(53.0)
|
512
(71.2)
|
2.22
(1.57)
|
11.18
(3.68)
|
2986
(5077)
|
|
Latvia
|
75.28
(6.83)
|
321
(66.0)
|
246
(50.6)
|
1.74
(1.17)
|
11.51
(3.24)
|
1098
(1689)
|
|
Malta
|
73.55
(6.33)
|
260
(52.6)
|
402
(81.4)
|
2.43
(1.39)
|
9.23
(3.69)
|
1561
(2403)
|
|
Romania
|
73.74
(6.99)
|
409
(55.6)
|
479
(65.2)
|
2.30
(1.51)
|
8.93
(3.69)
|
686
(375)
|
|
Slovakia
|
71.68
(5.79)
|
209
(52.5)
|
283
(71.1)
|
1.98
(1.11)
|
11.60
(2.08)
|
1842
(2890)
|
Note: Belgium – BE, Bulgaria – BG, Denmark – DK, Germany – DE, Estonia – EE, Ireland – IE, Greece – EL, Spain – ES, France – FR, Croatia – HR, Italy – IT, Cyprus – CY, Latvia – LV, Lithuania – LT, Luxembourg – LU, Hungary – HU, Malta – MT, Netherlands – NL, Austria – AT, Poland – PL, Portugal – PT, Romania – RO, Slovenia – SI, Slovakia – SK, Finland – FI, Sweden – SE, Switzerland – CH, Czech Republic – CZ.
Note: Belgium – BE, Bulgaria – BG, Denmark – DK, Germany – DE, Estonia – EE, Ireland – IE, Greece – EL, Spain – ES, France – FR, Croatia – HR, Italy – IT, Cyprus – CY, Latvia – LV, Lithuania – LT, Luxembourg – LU, Hungary – HU, Malta – MT, Netherlands – NL, Austria – AT, Poland – PL, Portugal – PT, Romania – RO, Slovenia – SI, Slovakia – SK, Finland – FI, Sweden – SE, Switzerland – CH, Czech Republic – CZ.
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June, 2023
II/2023
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