The influence of education on social mobility in Croatia and Greece: a comparative analysis

Kitsoleris, Georgios; Čulo, Sara

doi:10.3326/pse.49.4.5.

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The influence of education on social mobility in Croatia and Greece: a comparative analysis

Georgios Kitsoleris*

Sara Čulo*

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https://doi.org/10.3326/pse.49.4.5

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Table 3
Ordered logit model marginal effects (cohorts 1950-1989) – Croatia

Birth cohort	1950-1959				1960-1969				1970-1979				1980-1989
Skill levels
	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4
Female	0.015*	0.020*	-0.017*	-0.018*	0.021***	0.017***	-0.016***	-0.021***	0.005	0.008	-0.006	-0.008	-0.038***	0.078***	0.043***	0.073***
Female	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.006)	(0.001)	(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.001)	(0.008)	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.015)	(0.008)	(0.014)
Age	0.001	0.002	-0.002	-0.002	0.001	0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	-0.001	-0.001
Age	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Parental class
2	-0.058***	-0.034***	0.048***	0.044***	-0.069***	-0.018***	0.042***	0.045***	-0.078***	-0.031***	0.054***	0.055***	-0.075***	-0.036***	0.052***	0.060***
2	(0.011)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.010)	(0.003)	(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.013)	(0.005)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.021)	(0.008)	(0.012)	(0.013)
3	-0.103***	-0.168***	0.121***	0.150***	-0.126***	-0.102***	0.096***	0.132***	-0.128***	-0.137***	0.113***	0.152***	-0.130***	-0.174***	0.114***	0.191***
3	(0.012)	(0.029)	(0.014)	(0.024)	(0.011)	(0.016)	(0.009)	(0.016)	(0.013)	(0.020)	(0.011)	(0.018)	(0.021)	(0.027)	(0.015)	(0.027)
4	-0.120***	-0.305***	0.153***	0.271***	-0.168***	-0.271***	0.130***	0.310***	-0.157***	-0.289***	0.143***	0.304***	-0.149***	-0.283***	0.129***	0.304***
4	(0.011)	(0.035)	(0.012)	(0.034)	(0.009)	(0.020)	(0.007)	(0.023)	(0.013)	(0.019)	(0.009)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.024)	(0.014)	(0.026)
Obs.	2,018				4,436				3,287				1,544

Source: Authors’ own calculations based on the EU-SILC data.

Table 4
Ordered logit model marginal effects (cohorts 1950-1989) – Greece

Birth cohort	1950-1959				1960-1969				1970-1979				1980-1989
Skill levels
	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4
Female	0.044***	0.064***	-0.043***	-0.066***	-0.002	-0.003	0.001	0.004	-0.002	-0.004	0.002	0.004	-0.022***	-0.047***	0.017***	0.052***
(0.08)	(0.010)	(0.007)	(0.010)	(0.003)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.007)	(0.003)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.006)	(0.004)	(0.009)	(0.003)	(0.009)
Age	-0.001	-0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001*	0.001	0.001*	-0.001***	-0.003***	0.001***	0.003***
(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Parental class
2	-0.058	-0.026***	0.037*	0.047**	-0.059***	-0.035***	0.030***	0.064***	-0.061***	-0.036***	0.034***	0.063***	-0.109***	-0.037***	0.047***	0.099***
2	(0.038)	(0.004)	(0.018)	(0.020)	(0.015)	(0.003)	(0.006)	(0.011)	(0.014)	(0.003)	(0.006)	(0.010)	(0.027)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.013)
3	-0.134***	-0.382***	0.118***	0.398***	-0.120***	-0.235***	0.076***	0.278***	-0.119***	-0.211***	0.084***	0.246***	-0.162***	0.212***	0.088***	0.285***
(0.038)	(0.073)	(0.021)	(0.089)	(0.016)	(0.038)	(0.007)	(0.043)	(0.015)	(0.003)	(0.007)	(0.035)	(0.027)	(0.036)	(0.009)	(0.039)
4	-0.118***	-0.221***	0.113***	0.227***	-0.127***	-0.291***	0.077***	0.340***	-0.129***	-0.285***	0.088***	0.326***	-0.171***	-0.287***	0.090***	0.368***
(0.038)	(0.034)	(0.020)	(0.037)	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.006)	(0.020)	(0.014)	(0.015)	(0.007)	(0.018)	(0.027)	(0.019)	(0.008)	(0.022)
Obs.	1,954				7,945				7,736				4,561

Source: Authors’ own calculations based on the EU-SILC data.

Table 5
Estimates of the marginal effects corresponding to the multinomial logit model

	Croatia			Greece
	Downward	Immobility	Upward	Downward	Immobility	Upward
Age	-0.003***	-0.002*	0.005***	-0.001*	-0.003***	0.004**
Age	(0.0001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Gender(female)	0.120	0.029*	-0.041***	0.054***	-0.067***	0.013
Gender(female)	(0.010)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.005)	(0.009)	(0.008)
Educational level
Upper secondary education	-0.186*	0.092	0.094	-0.095***	-0.005	0.100***
Upper secondary education	(0.089)	(0.086)	(0.070)	(0.011)	(0.013)	(0.008)
Higher education	-0.275***	-0.067	0.342***	-0.142***	-0.287***	0.430***
Higher education	(0.089)	(0.087)	(0.071)	(0.012)	(0.015)	(0.011)
Marital status (married)	-0.068***	-0.005	0.074***	0.034***	-0.001	0.035***
Marital status (married)	(0.011)	(0.014)	(0.014)	(0.060)	(0.010)	(0.009)
Citizenship (Native)	-0.021	0.458	-0.023	-0.106***	0.033	0.073***
Citizenship (Native)	(0.069)	(0.088)	(0.084)	(0.010)	(0.022)	(0.022)
Birth cohorts after 70s	-0.015	0.001	0.015	0.011	-0.036*	0.024
Birth cohorts after 70s	(0.019)	(0.020)	(0.023)	(0.011)	(0.016)	(0.015)
Number of siblings	-0.070	0.007	0.001	0.003	0.010*	-0.014***
Number of siblings	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Urbanization (cities)	0.055***	0.026*	-0.081***	0.017**	-0.030***	0.012
Urbanization (cities)	(0.130)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.007)	(0.010)	(0.009)
Obs.		6,156			11,734

Note: The symbols *, ** and *** denote statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1%. Robust standard errors are in parentheses.

Source: Analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal microdata from the EU-SILC survey (authors’ calculations).

This is an Open Access article distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC) which permits non commercial use and redistribution, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.

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