Transparency of law making and fiscal democracy in the Middle East**
https://doi.org/10.3326/pse.43.1.5 | Published online: March 11, 2019 Table A1
Overall deficit/surplus in MENA Arab countries (2009-2016)
4 Oil Arab countries are the Arab petroleum net exporting countries and are represented by members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), in addition to Iraq, Algeria, Libya, and Yemen (Arab Monetary Fund, 2017). Source: Joint Arab Economic Report, Multiple issues (2014 - 2017), Arab Monetary Fund. Table A2
Global indicators of regulatory governance for Arab countries5
5 The scores range from 0 (worst performance) to 5 (best performance). Source: Global Indicators of Regulatory Impact Assessment Governance, 2016 Table A3
The law-making process and financial impact assessment (FIA)
Table A4
Discrepancy in Budgetary Regulatory Impact Assessment (BRIA)1,2,3 performance by region
1-The unweighted average was used to aggregate the index-value at the regional level. 2-Reference year 2017. 3-The coefficient of variation used was calculated across countries within the mentioned regions. Source: authors’ analysis Table A5
Legislatures and executives contribution to effectively open to the public1,2
1-The unweighted average was used to aggregate the index-value at the regional level. 2-Reference year 2017. Source: authors. Table A6
Availability of financial data1,2
1-Unweighted average was used to aggregate the index-value at the regional level. 2-Reference year 2017. Sources: authors. Table A7
Effective transparency indexes by region1,2,3
1-Unweighted average was used to aggregate the index-value at the regional level. 2-Reference year 2017. 3-The used coefficient of variation was calculated across countries within the mentioned regions. Sources: authors’ analysis. Table A8
Effective Transparency of Fiscal Sustainability (ETFS) and Effective Transparency of Policy Targeting (ETPT) in Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia
Figure A1
General government gross debt6 expressed as percentage of GDP by region (2000-2017) 6 General government gross debt consists of all liabilities that payment(s) of interest and/or principal by the central government to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. This includes debt liabilities in the form of SDRs, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable (WEO, April 2018). Source: drawn based on World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, April 2018, International Monetary Fund. Figure A2
Dispersion of overall deficit in MENA Arab countries7 (2009-2016) 7 A Box and Whisker plot that provides a measure of dispersion of the overall deficit in all Arab countries over the stated period. This chart is not concerned with the individual performance of each Arab country. The upper and lower limits of the boxes represent the upper and lower quartiles, so the box spans the interquartile range whereas the horizontal line crossing the box represents the median, and finally the two lines outside the boxes represent the highest and lowest values of the overall deficit in Arab countries. Source: drawn based on Joint Arab Economic Report, Multiple issues (2014-2017), Arab Monetary Fund. Figure A3
Jordan, Egypt, and Tunisia performance in fiscal democracy index (2010-2017) 8 The formula for the index is, ]1- (Mandatory Spending/ revenues) [100; where Mandatory Spending equals spending on wages and salaries, pensions, and interest payments. 9 In Fiscal Democracy Index with subsidies, subsidies are added as one of the government mandatory spending. Source: authors’ calculations. Figure A4
Nominal growth10 of the components of government spending in Jordan, Egypt, and Tunisia (2010-2017), % 10 Nominal growth refers to the percentage change in the components of public spending in the ending period (year 2016) compared to the beginning period (year 2010). Source: Ministry of Finance, Egypt; Government Budget Department, Jordan; Ministry of Finance Portal, Tunisia. Figure A5
Debt trends in Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia (2010-2017) Source: (a) IMF (2018); (b) MoF.gov.eg. (2018); Ministry of Finance Portal, Tunisia. Figure A6
RIA indicators by regions 11 Regulatory Governance Score captures how policymakers interact with stakeholders when shaping regulations affecting business communities. Concerned stakeholders could be professional associations, civic groups or foreign investors. The score ranges from 0 (worst performance) to 5 (best performance) (World Bank, 2018). 12 Transparency of rulemaking is one of the sub-indices of the Global Regulatory Governance Index. This subindex is concerned with whether regulators commonly communicate with the public about proposed regulations, and if so, how. Communication could be through unified websites where all (or substantially all) new regulations are posted before adoption, websites specific to particular ministries, public gazettes, federal journals or targeted. Source: calculated based on Global Indicators of Regulatory Governance, 2016, World Bank. Figure A7
Construction of BRIA Figure A8
BRIA by region Figure A9
BRIA: impact assessment attributes by region Figure A10
BRIA score for the case studies Figure A11
Effective Transparency of Fiscal Sustainability (ETFS) and Effective Transparency of Policy Targeting (ETPT) sub-dimensions by region This is an Open Access article distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC) which permits non commercial use and redistribution, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
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